References: Ecological Effects of Roads
Baxter, C.V., C.A. Frissell, and F.R. Hauer. 1999. Geomorphology, logging roads, and the distribution of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning in a forested river basin: implications for management and conservation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:854-867.
Clevenger, A.P., and N. Waltho. 2000. Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation Biology 14:47-56.
Findlay. C.S., and J. Bourdages. 2000. Response time of wetland biodiversity to road construction on adjacent lands. Conservation Biology 14:86-94.
Forman, R.T.T. 2000. Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology 14:31-35.
Forman, R.T.T., and L.E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:207-231.
Forman, R.T.T., and R.D. Deblinger. 2000 The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachussets (U.S.A.) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14:36-46.
Haskel, D.G. 2000. Effects of forest roads on macroinvertebrate soil fauna of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Conservation Biology 14:57-63.
Jones, J.A., F.J. Swanson, B.C. Wemple, and K.U. Snyder. 2000. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks. Conservation Biology 14:76-85.
Lonsdale, W.M., and A.M. Lane. 1994. Tourist vehicles as vectors of weed seeds in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Biological Conservation 69:277-283.
Parendes, L.A., and J.A. Jones. 2000. Role of light availability and dispersal mechanisms in invasion of exotic plants along roads and streams in H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conservation Biology 14:64-75.
Trombulak, S.C., and C.A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14:18-30.
USDA Forest Service. 2000. Forest Service roadless area conservation: final environmental impact statement. Washington DC.